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Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles 2022-2042

Analysis of fuel cell vehicle deployment, technology and the global outlook for fuel cell passenger cars, light commercial vehicles, trucks, and buses. FCEV unit sales, fuel cell demand, battery demand and market value forecasts.


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IDTechEx's report "Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles 2022-2042" explores the current state of on-road fuel cell vehicle development for passenger car, light commercial vehicle, truck, and city bus markets. The report discusses the technical and economic aspects of fuel cell deployment in these different transport applications with IDTechEx's independent outlook for the future of fuel cell vehicles to 2042.
 
In response to the threat posed by climate change and poor urban air quality many countries are tightening emissions regulation to reduce the impact from on-road transportation. This legislation is forcing automotive OEMs away from traditional combustion engines and toward all-electric and fuel cell electric powertrains.
 
Whilst the market for pure battery-electric vehicles (BEV) is beginning to take-off in many transport segments, the energy density limits of lithium-ion batteries means that the range of battery electric vehicles is restricted by both the maximum weight of batteries that can be carried by a vehicle and the available space for batteries within that vehicle. Fuel cell technologies offer automakers an avenue to greater vehicle range, whilst still delivering the crucial reduction in on-road exhaust emissions.
 
Utilising a fuel cell, which generates electricity through a chemical reaction between hydrogen (stored as fuel in pressurised tanks) and oxygen (from purified intake air), fuel cell systems can deliver a greater energy density than current battery electric powertrains. This improved energy density enables greater vehicle range between fuelling than can be delivered by battery electric vehicles.
 
A further significant benefit of fuel cell systems is that the refuelling of hydrogen tanks is similar to refuelling conventional combustion engine vehicles (a few minutes) and is considerably faster than comparatively slow electric charging, which can take several hours. The range and refuelling advantage of FCEV could be particularly critical for the viability of zero-emission heavy-duty truck and bus operations, where there is a high daily range requirement, long operating hours, and the need for operational flexibility.
Fuel Cell Passenger Cars
 
The deployment of fuel cells within vehicles is not a new concept. Major OEMs including Toyota, Ford, Honda, GM, Hyundai, Volkswagen, Daimler, and BMW have invested large sums over the past 30 years in advancing the technology. For passenger cars, a huge amount of effort and expense has gone into developing fuel cells, but the culmination of these efforts is the reality that in 2021 only two major OEMs, Toyota and Hyundai, have FCEV cars in production and fewer than 10,000 FCEV were sold in 2020. Battery electric vehicles, whose development began in earnest at a similar time to FCEV, sold more than 3 million units in 2020.
 
Top 3 FCEV Car Manufacturers Market Share
Source: IDTechEx "Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles 2022-2042"
Hydrogen Generation
 
Fuel cell vehicle deployment faces considerable challenges, including decreasing the cost of fuel cell system components to reduce the upfront cost of fuel cell vehicles, and rolling out sufficient hydrogen refuelling infrastructure to make driving a FCEV workable. Also essential will be the availability of cheap 'green' hydrogen, produced by the electrolysis of water using renewable electricity, which analysis in the new IDTechEx report highlights will be vital to FCEVs delivering the environmental credentials on which they are being sold.
 
The most developed, cheapest, and scalable method currently available for hydrogen generation is steam methane (natural gas) reforming. H2 produced by this method is known as "grey hydrogen". This process however produces a significant volume of CO2, meaning the well-to-wheel carbon footprint of FCEV using grey hydrogen would offer a very limited emission reduction potential over modern combustion engine vehicles. This IDTechEx report looks at carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies, which will be required to greatly reduce the carbon emission from SMR, to produce so called "blue hydrogen". CCS has yet to be demonstrated a scale, though is attracting considerable interest from major energy firms. The ideal pathway would be to generate "green hydrogen" using electricity from renewable sources including wind, solar and hydro, splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen through electrolysis, however, the cost effectiveness of this method therefore depends on utilising cheap renewable electricity, which is not yet widely available.
 
IDTechEx Estimate of gCO2/km Emission for Different Truck Powertrains
 
*The advantage for green hydrogen in 2030 is because it is assumed to be produced from 100% renewable electricity whereas the 2030 BEV uses a grid average intensity.
 
Source: IDTechEx "Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles 2022-2042"
Whilst the challenges facing fuel cell vehicles are considerable, many governments around the world are now offering an unprecedented level of support for the development of zero-emission vehicles, with several major economies including Japan, Korea, Germany and China backing efforts for an extensive transformation away from fossil fuels to a wider hydrogen economy. With the backing of governments, increasing interest from large multinational energy firms who have recognised they need a strategy to transition to cleaner fuels, and strong commitment being shown by several major OEMs (though chiefly Toyota and Hyundai), there is currently a clear concerted effort to push FCEV development and deployment.
 
 
Fuel Cell Trucks and Buses
 
Of particular focus in the IDTechEx report are the heavy-duty truck and bus markets, which operate demanding applications that require long daily range, have constrained refuelling time availability, and require operational flexibility. Whilst this segment of the automotive industry is also facing tightening legislative requirements to reduce exhaust emissions, BEV solutions are potentially less feasible in these applications, with the weight and cost of the lithium-ion battery required to deliver the daily-duty cycle prohibitive. These applications therefore offer a market segment where fuel cell vehicles could offer the only viable zero-emission solution. The new report looks in detail at the challenge of employing fuel cell commercial vehicles, including CAPEX costs, the influence of H2 fuel cost on viability, and examples from current FCEV deployments.
 
This report and it's granular market forecasts will be of interest to companies across the automotive value chain: fuel cell and electrolyser manufacturers, battery and electric motor manufacturers, hydrogen refuelling infrastructure developers, parts and systems suppliers, along with companies in the energy sector, government agencies, research organisations, and companies or individuals looking to invest in a technology that has the potential to be a vital element in efforts to decarbonise the transportation sector.
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Table of Contents
1.EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1.1.Report Overview
1.2.What is a Fuel Cell Vehicle?
1.3.Fuel Cell Energy Density Advantage
1.4.Hydrogen Production Methods
1.5.Hydrogen for Transport
1.6.Must be Green H2 for Fuel Cell Vehicles to be 'Green'
1.7.Reality of the FCEV Range Advantage over BEV
1.8.Range of Zero Emission Medium and Heavy Trucks
1.9.The Challenge: Green Hydrogen Cost Reduction
1.10.20+ Years of Fuel Cell Passenger Car Prototypes
1.11.Fuel Cell Cars in Production
1.12.FCEV Car Market Share Toyota, Hyundai, Honda, 2016-2020
1.13.Fuel Cell LCVs
1.14.Stellantis Launch Fuel Cell LCVs
1.15.Heavy-Duty Trucks: BEV or Fuel Cell?
1.16.Powertrain and Range
1.17.Heavy Duty Vehicle Fuel Cell System Costs
1.18.30 years of FC-Bus Development
1.19.Buses: Both FCEV and BEV to have a Role?
1.20.FCEV Passenger Car Global Sales Forecast 2018-2042
1.21.FCEV LCV Sales Forecast by Region 2018-2042
1.22.FCEV Heavy-Duty Truck Sales Forecast by Region 2018-2042
1.23.FCEV City Bus Sales Forecast by Region 2018-2042
1.24.FCEV (LCV, M&HDT, Bus, Car) Fuel Cell Demand (MW)
1.25.FCEV (LCV, M&HDT, Bus, Car) Market Size ($USD Billion)
2.INTRODUCTION
2.1.The Core Driver for Transport Decarbonization
2.2.Transport a Major Source of Greenhouse Gas Emission
2.3.Transport GHG Emissions: China, US & Europe
2.4.EU27+UK GHG Emission From Road Transport
2.5.US GHG Emission From Road Transport
2.6.Japan GHG Emission From Road Transport
2.7.Urban Air Quality
2.8.Poor Air Quality Causes Premature Deaths
2.9.Fossil Fuel Bans: Explained
2.10.Official or Legislated Fossil Fuel Bans (National)
2.11.Unofficial, Drafted or Proposed Fossil Fuel Bans (National)
2.12.Fossil Fuel Bans (Cities)
2.13.Replacement for ICE - Zero Emission Electric Vehicles
2.14.What is a Fuel Cell Vehicle?
2.15.Attraction of Fuel Cell Vehicles
2.16.Transport Applications for Fuel Cells
2.17.Toyota Mobility Roadmap
2.18.Why is the Focus on Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles?
2.19.Fuel Cell Vehicles a as Part of a Hydrogen Economy
2.20.30 Years of Fuel Cell Vehicle Prototypes
2.21.Deployment Barriers for Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles
2.22.A Kaleidoscope of Hydrogen Colours
2.23.The Fundamental Issue of Efficiency
2.24.Challenges for Fuel Cells
2.25.The Challenge: Green Hydrogen Cost Reduction
2.26.Fuel Cost per Mile: FCEV, BEV, internal-combustion
2.27.Volume Production to Decrease FCEV Cost
2.28.Zero Emission Vehicles: BEV Booming
2.29.FCEV Competing with Improving Li-ion Batteries
3.FUEL CELLS: TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW
3.1.Introduction to Fuel Cells
3.2.What is a Fuel Cell?
3.3.Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
3.4.Fuel Cells Technologies Overview
3.5.PEMFC Assembly and Materials
3.6.Proton Exchange Membrane - Polymer Electrolyte
3.7.Proton Exchange Membrane - Polymer Electrolyte
3.8.Electrode Structure and the Three-Phase Boundary
3.9.Bipolar Plates (BPP)
3.10.Bipolar Plate Materials
3.11.Fuel Cell Water Management
3.12.PEMFC Cooling Methods
3.13.Fuels Composition
3.14.Great Volumes Required to Reduce Costs
3.15.PEMFC Cost Break Down
3.16.Fuel Cell System Costs
3.17.High Temperature PEMFC (high temperature-PEMFC)
3.18.PEMFC Market Players
3.19.Solid Oxide Fuel Cell: Overview
3.20.Solid Oxide Fuel Cell: Electrolyte
3.21.Solid Oxide Fuel Cell: Sealing & Connecting Materials
3.22.Solid Oxide Fuel Cell: Cell Design
3.23.SOFC Market
4.HYDROGEN GENERATION
4.1.Hydrogen: The Energy Carrier
4.2.Hydrogen Production Methods
4.3.A Kaleidoscope of Hydrogen Colours
4.4.H2 Production Methods: Steam Reforming (SMR)
4.5.H2 Production Methods: Autothermal Reforming (ATR)
4.6.H2 Production Methods: Electrolysis
4.7.Electrolyser Overview
4.8.AEL on the market
4.9.PEMEL on the market
4.10.SOEL companies
4.11.Sources of Hydrogen
4.12.Hydrogen Production Methods
4.13.Pathway to Green Hydrogen via Blue
4.14.BP Teesside Blue Hydrogen Project
4.15.Carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS)
4.16.Point source carbon capture - overview
4.17.Post-combustion CO2 capture
4.18.Methods of CO2 separation
4.19.The costs of carbon capture
4.20.Global status of CCUS
4.21.Carbon capture capacity if all current projects begin or remain in operation
4.22.EOR: an on-ramp for CCS
5.FUEL CELL PASSENGER CARS
5.1.Outlook for Fuel Cell Passenger Cars
5.2.20+ Years of Fuel Cell Passenger Car Prototypes
5.3.Fuel Cell Passenger Cars
5.4.Fuel Cell Passenger Car Components
5.5.Status of Automotive Fuel Cell Systems and Stacks
5.6.FCEV Cars Operating Modes
5.7.Fuel Cell Cars in Production
5.8.Growth of Fuel Cell Passenger Cars
5.9.FCEV Car Market Share Toyota, Hyundai, Honda, 2016-2020
5.10.Very Limited FC-Car Model Choice
6.FUEL CELL PASSENGER CAR PLAYERS
6.1.Toyota Fuel Cell Passenger Cars History
6.2.Toyota Motor Europe
6.3.Toyota Mirai 1st Gen 2015
6.4.Toyota Mirai 1st Gen Components
6.5.Toyota Mirai 2nd Generation
6.6.Toyota Mirai 2nd Gen. Significant Upgrades
6.7.Toyota Mirai 2nd Gen H2 Safety Measures
6.8.Purchase Incentives
6.9.Toyota Mirai Sales 2014-2021
6.10.Decreasing CAPEX of FCEV
6.11.Toyota FCEV Following the Prius Pathway
6.12.Toyota Mirai Demonstrator Fleets
6.13.Toyota FCEV Goals
6.14.Hyundai Fuel Cell Passenger Car History
6.15.Hyundai FCEV Improvements
6.16.Hyundai NEXO SUV
6.17.Hyundai NEXO Components
6.18.Hyundai NEXO Hydrogen Tanks
6.19.Hyundai FCEV Goals
6.20.Hyundai NEXO Sales
6.21.Korea Subsidy Incentives: FCEV push but BEV far ahead
6.22.Honda Clarity Fuel Cell
6.23.Honda FCEV Development Timeline
6.24.Honda Clarity FCEV Components
6.25.Honda Discontinue FC-Clarity: Weak Demand
6.26.BMW Fuel Cell Passenger Car Outlook
6.27.BMW i Hydrogen NEXT FCEV
6.28.Renault-Nissan Fuel Cell Development
6.29.Nissan e-NV200 SOFC Bio-Ethanol Prototype
6.30.General Motors Fuel Cell Development
6.31.GM HYDROTEC Fuel Cell Evolution
6.32.GM Pathway "An All Electric Future"
6.33.Daimler Mercedes-Benz GLC F-CELL
6.34.Mercedes-Benz GLC F-CELL Components
6.35.Mercedes-Benz GLC F-CELL Operating Modes
6.36.Mercedes End FCEV Car Development
6.37.Volkswagen Group: No to FCEV Passenger Cars
6.38.Volkswagen Group - H2 Inefficiency as a Fuel
6.39.Audi Abandons FCEV Development
6.40.Audi A7 Sportback H-Tron
6.41.Chinese FCEV Cars
6.42.China FCEV Focus on Commercial Vehicles
6.43.SAIC China's FCEV Car Pioneer
6.44.Announced Chinese FCEV Cars
6.45.Attitude to FCEV Cars by Company
7.FUEL CELL PASSENGER CAR BARRIERS
7.1.Reality of the FCEV Range Advantage over BEV
7.2.Price Comparison FCEV and Long Range BEV
7.3.FC-Car Fuelling / Charging Advantage?
7.4.Passenger Car CO2 Emissions: FCEV, BEV & ICE
7.5.CO2 Emission from Electricity Generation
7.6.Fuelling Costs Petrol vs Hydrogen
7.7.Fuelling Costs Hydrogen vs Grid Electricity
7.8.Fuel cost comparison per kWh of propulsion in Norway
7.9.Tesla No Interest in Fuel Cells
7.10.Car Emissions by Powertrain Technology in China
7.11.FCEV Car Conclusions
7.12.Why Pursue Fuel Cell Cars?
8.FUEL CELL LIGHT COMMERCIAL VEHICLES
8.1.Light Commercial Vehicles Definition
8.2.CO2 emission from the LCV sector
8.3.Drivers for LCV Electrification
8.4.Electric LCV Market Drivers
8.5.Considerations for BEV and FCEV LCV Adoption
8.6.Europe eLCV Sales 2020 - BEV Leads FCEV
8.7.China NEV eLCV Sales 2020
8.8.LCV Range Requirement
8.9.LCV Range Requirement Compared to Trucks.
8.10.Do BEV LCVs offer sufficient range?
8.11.Fuel Cell LCVs
8.12.Example Fuel Cell LCV Specifications
8.13.Groupe Renault
8.14.Renault Hydrogen System Diagrams
8.15.Renault and Plug Power FC-LCV Joint Venture
8.16.Stellantis Fuel Cell LCVs
8.17.Stellantis - Citroen / Peugeot / Vauxhall / Opel FC-Van
8.18.Symbio Fuel Cell Systems
8.19.Faurecia and Symbio
8.20.Ballard and Linamar Light-Duty Fuel Cell Alliance
8.21.Fuel Cell Electric Vans - Holthausen
8.22.Outlook for Fuel Cell Light Commercial Vehicles
9.FUEL CELL TRUCKS
9.1.Truck Classifications
9.2.Global CO2 Emission: Medium & Heavy-Duty Trucks
9.3.GHG Emission From the Truck Sector
9.4.Road Freight Market
9.5.Projected Increase in Global Road Freight Activity
9.6.Fuel Saving Technology Areas
9.7.The rise of zero (or near zero) exhaust emission trucks
9.8.Heavy-Duty Trucks: BEV or Fuel Cell?
9.9.Range of Zero Emission Medium and Heavy Trucks
9.10.Batteries vs. Fuel Cells: Driving Range
9.11.Daily Duty Cycle Demand
9.12.Powertrain and Range
9.13.Financial Driver: Legislation in Europe
9.14.External Cost of Heavy-Duty Trucks
9.15.Heavy-Duty Truck CO2 Emissions: FCEV, BEV & ICE
9.16.California's Advanced Clean Trucks Regulation
9.17.Fuel Cell Manufacturers Collaboration on US FC-Trucks
9.18.Fuel Cell Power Requirement
9.19.Fuel Cell Truck Example Specifications
9.20.Fuel Cell Trucks: HYUNDAI
9.21.Hyundai Hydrogen Mobility
9.22.Hyundai Pilot FC-Trucks in Switzerland
9.23.Hyundai XCIENT fuel cell Truck Coming to America
9.24.US XCEINT Longer Range
9.25.Hyundai XCIENT 4,000 Unit China Order
9.26.Hyundai Class 8 Concept
9.27.Fuel Cell Trucks: DAIMLER / VOLVO
9.28.Daimler to Begin Testing GenH2 Truck Prototype
9.29.Battery and Fuel Cell Options
9.30.Cellcentric: Daimler and Volvo fuel cell Joint Venture
9.31.Volvo Group: Toward Fossil Free Transport
9.32.Scania to Concentrate on BEV-Trucks
9.33.Horizon Fuel Cell Technologies
9.34.HYZON Motors
9.35.HYZON Motors Heavy-Duty Truck Schematic
9.36.Nikola Corporation
9.37.First Nikola Truck Will be a BEV (not FCEV)
9.38.Nikola ONE - Proof of Concept
9.39.Nikola TWO: New Flagship Fuel Cell Truck
9.40.Nikola Commercial Truck Milestones
9.41.Nikola an "Energy Technology Company"?
9.42.IDTechEx Take: The Future for Nikola
9.43.Fuel Cell Trucks: KENWORTH (PACCAR)
9.44.Fuel Cell Trucks: TOYOTA / HINO
9.45.Fuel Cell Trucks: BALLARD / UPS
9.46.Fuel Cell Trucks: DONGFENG
9.47.Arcola Energy
9.48.Cost of H2 Trucks vs Battery Electric
9.49.Heavy Duty Vehicle Fuel Cell System Costs
9.50.Green Hydrogen Price Development Forecasts
9.51.Green Hydrogen Electrolysis Production Costs US / EU
9.52.Green Hydrogen Cost by Electricity Source US / EU
9.53.Electrolyser Powered by Curtailed Electricity
9.54.FCEV Truck Hydrogen Consumption
9.55.BOSAL / Ceres Power - SOFC Range Extender
9.56.Fuel Cells and Trucks Today
10.FUEL CELL BUSES
10.1.Fuel Cell Buses
10.2.30 years of FC-Bus Development
10.3.Main Advantages / Disadvantages of Fuel Cell Buses
10.4.Fuel Cell Bus Schematic
10.5.Fuel Cell Bus Example Specifications
10.6.Other Zero / Low Emission Bus Options
10.7.Gaps in the Market: Prospect for fuel cell Buses
10.8.Battery Electric Buses: Rival or Complementary?
10.9.Both FCEV and BEV to have a Role?
10.10.Infrastructure Cost BEV vs FCEV Bus Depot
10.11.Example Analysis: Foothill Transit, California, Line 486
10.12.Example Analysis: Foothill Transit
10.13.Delivering the Required Duty Milage
10.14.Californian Transit Agencies Milage Distribution
10.15.Zero Emission Bus Range Per Day
10.16.Route Length Suitability for BEV Buses
10.17.Will Battery Improvements make Fuel Cell Buses Obsolete?
10.18.Loop Energy Inc
10.19.Comparison Hydrogen Fuel Cost vs Diesel Cost
10.20.Fuel Cell Bus Deployment Worldwide
10.21.Chinese Fuel Cell Bus OEMs
10.22.Chinese Fuel Cell Bus Examples
10.23.NEV Bus Sales in China 2020
10.24.Chinese FCEV Support
10.25.China Fuel Cell Installed Capacity 2020
10.26.CEMT - Edelman Hydrogen Energy Equipment
10.27.Beijing SinoHytec
10.28.Sinosynergy
10.29.Shanghai Hydrogen Propulsion Technology
10.30.REFIRE - Shanghai Reshaping Energy Technology
10.31.Other Chinese Fuel Cell System Manufacturers
10.32.United Fuel Cell System R&D (Beijing) Co.
10.33.Toyota SORA Fuel Cell Bus
10.34.Structure of Toyota fuel cell bus
10.35.JAPAN FCEV Targets
10.36.Hyundai ELEC CITY Fuel Cell Bus
10.37.Korea FCEV Targets
10.38.US Fuel Cell Buses: Active Fuel Cell Bus Project
10.39.US Fuel Cell Buses: fuel cell Bus Projects in Planning
10.40.US Fuel Cell Buses: fuel cell Bus Projects Completed
10.41.Transitioning the US Fleet to Zero Emission Buses
10.42.The Cost of US Bus Fleet Transition to Zero Emission
10.43.US Fuel Cell Buses: fuel cell Bus Price
10.44.fuel cell Bus CAPEX vs Other Powertrains
10.45.NREL Fuel Cell Bus Evaluations
10.46.Fuel Cell Bus Long-Term Stack Performance Data
10.47.FC-Bus Reliability
10.48.FC-Bus Fuel Efficiency and Fuel Cost
10.49.New Flyer Xcelsior CHARGE H2
10.50.ElDorado National AXESS Fuel Cell Bus
10.51.ElDorado National AXESS Schematic
10.52.Van Hool
10.53.US School Buses
10.54.US eBus Purchase Subsidies
10.55.European Fuel Cell Bus Deployment
10.56.EU JIVE 2 Targets
10.57.Solaris Urbino 12 Hydrogen Bus
10.58.CaetanoBus H2.City Gold
10.59.Toyota Motor Europe
10.60.SAFRA Businova Hydrogen
10.61.Wrightbus StreetDeck Hydroliner
10.62.Van Hool A330 fuel cell Hydrogen Bus
10.63.ADL Enviro400 FCEV
10.64.European Clean Bus Deployment Initiative
10.65.Outlook for Fuel Cell Buses
11.HYDROGEN REFUELLING
11.1.Energy Density of Hydrogen
11.2.Hydrogen Compared to Other Fuels
11.3.Transporting Hydrogen
11.4.Worldwide H2 Refuelling Infrastructure
11.5.Europe Hydrogen Refuelling Infrastructure
11.6.Hydrogen Roadmap Europe
11.7.The Clean Energy Partnership
11.8.Fuel Cell Charging Infrastructure in the US
11.9.Infrastructure Costs
11.10.Case Study: Hydrogen Costs
11.11.China Hydrogen Refuelling Station Roadmap
11.12.China Hydrogen Refuelling Stations
11.13.China's FCEV Deployment will it be Green?
11.14.Guide to Hydrogen Truck Refuelling
11.15.Developing Hydrogen Refuelling Infrastructure
11.16.Fuel Cell Truck Refuelling Advantage
11.17.Long-haul Trucking Opportunity?
11.18.FC-Trucks Facilitate Wider FCEV Deployment
11.19.Nikola Trucks: Hydrogen Infrastructure
11.20.Material Based Hydrogen Storage
12.FCEV GLOBAL MARKET FORECASTS (LCV, M&HDT, CITY-BUS, CAR)
12.1.Forecast Assumptions
12.2.FCEV (LCV, M&HDT, Bus, Car) Global Sales Forecast 2018-2042
12.3.FCEV (LCV, M&HDT, Bus, Car) Fuel Cell Demand (MW)
12.4.FCEV (LCV, M&HDT, Bus, Car) Battery Demand (GWh)
12.5.FCEV (LCV, M&HDT, Bus, Car) Market Size ($USD Billion)
13.MARKET FORECASTS FC-CARS
13.1.Forecast Assumptions
13.2.FCEV Passenger Car Global Sales Forecast 2018-2042
13.3.FCEV Passenger Car Fuel Cell Demand (MW)
13.4.FCEV Passenger Car Battery Demand (GWh)
13.5.FCEV Passenger Car Market Size ($USD Billion)
14.MARKET FORECASTS FC-LCV
14.1.Forecast Assumptions
14.2.Light Commercial Vehicles Sales Forecast 2018-2042 (Units)
14.3.FCEV LCV Sales Forecast by Region (Units)
14.4.FCEV LCV Fuel Cell Demand (MW)
14.5.FCEV LCV Battery Demand (GWh)
14.6.FCEV LCV Market Size ($USD Billion)
15.MARKET FORECASTS FC-TRUCKS
15.1.Forecast Assumptions
15.2.Medium-Duty Truck Sales Forecast 2018-2042 (Units)
15.3.FCEV MDT Sales Forecast by Region (Units)
15.4.FCEV MDT Fuel Cell Demand (MW)
15.5.FCEV MDT Battery Demand (GWh)
15.6.FCEV MDT Market Size ($USD Billion)
15.7.Heavy-Duty Truck Sales Forecast 2018-2042 (Units)
15.8.FCEV HDT Sales Forecast by Region (Units)
15.9.FCEV HDT Fuel Cell Demand (MW)
15.10.FCEV HDT Battery Demand (GWh)
15.11.FCEV HDT Market Size ($USD Billion)
16.MARKET FORECASTS FC-BUSES
16.1.Forecast Assumptions
16.2.BEV, PHEV and FCEV City Bus Sales 2016-2042 (Units)
16.3.FCEV City Bus Sales Forecast by Region (Units)
16.4.FCEV City Bus Fuel Cell Demand (MW)
16.5.FCEV City Bus Battery Demand (GWh)
16.6.FCEV City Bus Market Size ($USD Billion)
 

Report Statistics

Slides 413
Forecasts to 2042
ISBN 9781913899776
 
 
 
 

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