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Charging Infrastructure for Electric Vehicles 2020-2030


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Global plug-in electric vehicle (EV) population reached 7.5 million units (including light commercial vehicles) by the end of 2019. Although plug-in EV is only around 2% of global sales today, they are positioned to take the lead of road transportation in the coming decade, as governments around the world announce bans on ICEs as well as the EV technologies and market mature. EV manufacturers have been improving the range of their vehicles to help alleviate range anxiety for EV drivers. However, larger batteries and longer range alone are not going to address the range anxiety for customers. The availability and convenience of charging is also one of the key factors to ensure a good driving experience for EV owners. Therefore, the deployment of charging infrastructure is essential to facilitate the uptake of plug-in EVs and the sustainable development of the plug-in EV industry.
 
According to IDTechEx's research on electric vehicles, by 2030 there will be over 100 million plug-in EVs on road globally including passenger cars, buses, trucks and vans which are the most relevant sectors to consider for EV charging infrastructure. Among them electric passenger cars represent the largest plug-in EV sector in volume while electric fleets such as buses, trucks and vans are expected to grow rapidly in the coming decade which will drive up demand for charging infrastructure significantly.
 
This report provides an overview of the state of EV charging infrastructure deployments by key regions including China, Europe and the USA. The penetration rate of both private and public charging infrastructure in each region and the market share of key players are presented. In this report, we cover a comprehensive analysis of major charging infrastructure including conductive charging, wireless charging and alternative solutions such as battery swapping. Under the various charging infrastructure we offer a detailed analysis of key EV charging technologies such as fast charging, inductive and capacitive charging, robotic and autonomous charging, off-grid charging, mobile charging and vehicle-to-home/grid (V2H/V2G).
 
According to IDTechEx forecast, by 2030 global EV charging infrastructure market will be worth $40 billion per year, which could provide huge value opportunities for companies along the EV charging value chain. In this report, we provide an in-depth analysis of the EV charging value chain. The key market players in the EV charging industry with their technologies and developments will be presented and discussed. We found that as the industry evolves, players move along the value chain and contribute to further complexifying and densifying it. Currently, the business cases for home or workplace level 2 chargers are straightforward, given low up-front capital and operating expenses. Making the business case work for public fast charging stations is more difficult due to the higher up-front capital, higher operating costs, and currently low utilization. However, big oil companies such as Shell and BP have been proactive in securing their shares of the market and big utilities companies are integrating EV charging as part of their business. In this report, we will provide an overview of the business models of charging network providers. Emerging business models such as smart charging and V2H/V2G will also be addressed.
 
We also provide a ten-year market forecast, in both unit numbers and revenues, on EV charging infrastructure. Granular market forecasts are presented by region (China, Europe, the USA and RoW), sector (passenger cars and fleet EVs), applications (private and public) and power level (AC and DC). According to our forecast, the global EV charging infrastructure market value will grow at 24% CAGR in the forecast period and reach $40 billion per year by 2030.
 
Electric vehicle fleets such as buses and trucks require very different charging infrastructure from the existing infrastructure built for passenger cars. The rising population of electric vehicle fleets represent huge opportunities for developing dedicated charging infrastructure for electric buses and trucks. In this report, we have a section that specifically addresses charging infrastructure and technologies for electric fleet vehicles. It is worth noting that although electric fleet charging represents less than 5% of the total charging infrastructure in volume, it constitutes over 30% of the total market value of the charging industry.
 
Looking into the future, shared autonomous mobility is expected to eventually dominate the passenger-miles in the urban environment. And there's no one to plug in those robo-taxis. Mobility service companies are going to need broadly deployed automatic charging so the autonomous vehicles can extend their range without extra labour costs. When there's downtime between rides, the cars will pull over to a automatic charging spot, top up, and then continue to provide rides. This is going to change the demands of charging infrastructure in the future. In this report, we will also cover future charging trends and solutions such as robotic charging, wireless charging as well as electric road systems.
 
Key issues addressed/takeaways from this report:
  • Current market landscape of EV charging infrastructure: EV charging deployments by region, charging infrastructure (private and public) penetration rate by region and market share of key players;
  • Comprehensive overview of various charging technologies and standards globally
  • Detailed analysis of various charging infrastructure including conductive charging, wireless charging as well as alternative solutions such as battery swapping;
  • Key EV charging technologies including fast charging, inductive and capacitive charging, mobile charging, robotic and autonomous charging, battery swapping as well as dedicated charging for fleet EVs; evaluations on the key charging technologies are provided;
  • Analysis of the EV charging value chain and business models key market players;
  • Detailed ten-year market forecast on EV charging infrastructure in both unit numbers and market value (revenues); granular market forecasts are provided by major regions, sectors (passenger cars and fleet EVs), applications (private and public) and power levels (AC and DC).
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Table of Contents
1.EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
1.1.Plug-in EVs and the demand for charging infrastructure
1.2.Global charging infrastructure today
1.3.Global plug-in EV population forecast 2020-2030
1.4.EV charging infrastructure demand as function of plug-in EV penetration
1.5.How many public chargers are sufficient for plug-in EVs?
1.6.EV charging at different levels
1.7.Different types of EV charging infrastructure
1.8.Evaluation of the different charging infrastructure
1.9.The roadmap of EV range and charging power
1.10.The trend towards DC fast charging
1.11.The EV charging value chain
1.12.Key market players along the EV charging value chain
1.13.Business models of charging network operators
1.14.Market share of public charging infrastructure by network operator: China
1.15.Market share of public charging infrastructure by network operator: Europe
1.16.Market share of public charging infrastructure by network operator: USA
1.17.Market share of DC fast charging by network operator: USA
1.18.Market forecast: total installed EV charging infrastructure by sector 2020-2030 (volume)
1.19.Market forecast: annually new EV charging infrastructure by sector 2020-2030 (volume)
1.20.Market forecast :total installed and annually new EV charging infrastructure by sector (volume) - summary
1.21.Market forecast: annually new charging infrastructure by power type 2020-2030 (volume)
1.22.Market value of EV charging infrastructure 2020-2030 ($ billion)
1.23.Market value of EV charging infrastructure 2020-2030 ($ billion) - summary
1.24.Market forecast: charging infrastructure for electric cars 2020-2030 - by region (volume)
1.25.Market forecast: private and public charging for electric cars 2020-2030 (volume)
1.26.Market forecast: total installed private and public chargers for electric cars by region 2020-2030 (volume)
1.27.Market forecast: total installed private and public chargers by region 2020-2030 (thousand) - summary
1.28.Market forecast: annually new private chargers for electric cars by region 2020-2030 (volume)
1.29.Market forecast: annually new public chargers for electric cars by region 2020-2030 (volume)
1.30.Annually new private and public chargers by region 2020-2030 (thousand) - summary
2.INTRODUCTION
2.1.Electric car market penetration on the rise
2.2.Global charging infrastructure today
2.3.Global plug-in electric car market forecast
2.4.Global plug-in EV population forecast 2020-2030
2.5.Plug-in EV and the demand for charging infrastructure
2.6.EV charging infrastructure demand as function of plug-in EV penetration
2.7.Private versus public charging
2.8.The status of public charging in China
2.9.The status of public charging in Europe
2.10.Public charging deployment in Europe by country
2.11.The status of public charging in United States
2.12.How many public chargers are sufficient for plug-in EVs?
2.13.Private and public charging penetration in China
2.14.Private and public charging penetration in Europe
2.15.Private and public charging penetration in USA
2.16.The trend towards DC fast charging
2.17.The rising demand for fleet charging
2.18.Fleet vehicles requires much higher charging power
2.19.The EV charging value chain
2.20.Key market players along the EV charging value chain
2.21.Public chargers by network operator
2.22.Market share of public charging infrastructure by network operator: China
2.23.Market share of public charging infrastructure by network operator: Europe
2.24.Market share of public charging infrastructure by network operator: USA
2.25.Market share of DC fast charging by network operator: USA
3.EV CHARGING TECHNOLOGIES AND STANDARDS
3.1.Basics of EV charging mechanisms
3.2.EV charging at different levels
3.3.How long does it take to charge an EV?
3.4.Overview of EV charging infrastructure standards
3.5.EV charging infrastructure standard organizations
3.6.EV charging infrastructure standards: ISO/IEC
3.7.EV charging infrastructure standards: SAE
3.8.DC charging standard: CCS
3.9.DC charging standard: CHAdeMO
3.10.EV charging infrastructure standard in China: GB
3.11.Types of EV charging plugs
3.12.EV charging plugs by type
3.13.Overview of EV charging standards by region
3.14.EV charging systems comparison
3.15.Summary of charging levels and standards in the main regions
3.16.Communication systems for EV charging
3.17.Communication interfaces
3.18.Communication interfaces
3.19.Communication protocols and standards
4.EV CHARGING INFRASTRUCTURE AND KEY TECHNOLOGIES
4.1.Overview of EV Charging Infrastructure
4.1.1.EV charging infrastructure: technology overview
4.1.2.Different types of EV charging infrastructure
4.1.3.Architecture of EV charging infrastructure
4.1.4.EV charging technologies by application
4.2.Conductive Charging
4.2.1.Conductive charging technologies by application
4.2.2.AC charging versus DC charging
4.2.3.Conductive charging at Level 1
4.2.4.Conductive charging at Level 2
4.2.5.Conductive charging at Level 3
4.2.6.Residential charging
4.2.7.Workplace charging - an essential complement to residential charging
4.2.8.How workplace charging can help alleviate grid pressure
4.2.9.The roadmap of EV range and charging power
4.2.10.The trend towards DC fast charging
4.2.11.CHAdeMo is preparing for 900 kW high power charging
4.2.12.Challenges for high power charging
4.2.13.Impacts of fast charging on battery lifespan
4.2.14.Efforts to improve fast charging performance
4.2.15.Intelligent battery management to enable fast charging
4.2.16.Cable cooling to achieve high power charging
4.2.17.Leoni's liquid cooled cables for fast charging
4.2.18.Tesla adopts liquid-cooled cable for its supercharger
4.2.19.Liquid-cooled connector for ultra fast charging
4.2.20.ITT Cannon's liquid-cooled high power charging solution
4.2.21.Continental turns electric powertrain into 'universal charger'
4.2.22.Summary: DC charging standards and power levels
4.2.23.Off-grid EV charging
4.2.24.Electrify America deploying solar-powered EV charging
4.2.25.Off-grid charging without batteries
4.2.26.A single converter for solar-powered charging
4.2.27.AFC Energy presenting hydrogen-powered EV charging
4.2.28.Mobile charging - a new business model for EV charging
4.2.29.Mobi - FreeWire's mobile charger
4.2.30.Modular mobile charger by SparkCharge
4.2.31.EV Charge Mobile for Level 2 and DC charging
4.2.32.VW's mobile charging robots
4.2.33.Power Mobile charging service by NIOPower
4.2.34.Tesla's Megapack-powered mobile Superchargers
4.2.35.Chargery's mobile charger on bicycle
4.2.36.Autonomous vehicles and charging
4.2.37.Autonomous vehicles and charging
4.2.38.How will autonomous EVs refuel?
4.2.39.Autonomous charging: conductive robotic charging
4.2.40.Electrify America to deploy robotic chargers
4.2.41.Volkswagen's visionary charging robots
4.3.Wireless Charging
4.3.1.An overview of wireless charging
4.3.2.SAE J2954 wireless EV charging standard
4.3.3.Inductive charging
4.3.4.Magnetic resonance: wireless charging for EVs
4.3.5.Inductive charging of EVs: parked
4.3.6.Inductive charging of EVs: on road
4.3.7.WiTricity goes all-in on wireless charging for EVs
4.3.8.WiTricity's park-and-charge wireless charging solution
4.3.9.Plugless is selling wireless chargers for EVs
4.3.10.Qualcomm's Halo wireless EV charging platform
4.3.11.Dynamic EV charging demonstrated by Qualcomm
4.3.12.WiTricity acquires Qualcomm's wireless charging unit
4.3.13.BMW 530e pilots wireless charging
4.3.14.Capacitive charging
4.3.15.Capacitive charging: principle
4.3.16.Capacitive charging: current projects
4.4.Battery Swapping
4.4.1.An overview of battery swapping
4.4.2.The case of Better Place
4.4.3.Battery swapping: Tesla
4.4.4.Battery swapping development in China
4.4.5.Battery swapping: NIO
4.4.6.Battery swapping: BAIC
4.4.7.Battery swapping: Gogoro network
4.5.Charging infrastructure for EV fleets
4.5.1.The rising population of electric vehicle fleets
4.5.2.Charging infrastructure for electric buses
4.5.3.Charging electric buses: depot versus opportunity charging
4.5.4.Heliox: public transport and heavy-duty vehicle charging
4.5.5.Heliox's 13 MW charging network for electric buses
4.5.6.SprintCharge: battery-buffered opportunity charging for electric buses
4.5.7.ABB's smart depot charging solution for large fleets
4.5.8.ABB: opportunity charging for electric buses
4.5.9.ABB's 600kW TOSA flash-charging for e-buses
4.5.10.Siemens: electric bus charging infrastructure
4.5.11.Daimler Truck opened charging park for commercial EVs
4.5.12.Fleet vehicles requires much higher charging power
4.5.13.The emergence of 'Mega chargers'
4.5.14.CharIN is working on charging standard for commercial electric vehicles
4.5.15.Momentum Dynamics: high-power wireless charging for EV fleets
4.5.16.Case study: wireless charging for public transit
4.6.Electric road systems for EV charging
4.6.1.Types of electric road systems
4.6.2.Electric road systems: conductive versus inductive
4.6.3.Electric road systems: Korea
4.6.4.Electric road systems: Sweden
4.6.5.Germany tests its first electric highway for trucks
4.6.6.Electric road systems: market and challenges
5.KEY MARKET PLAYERS
5.1.ChargePoint
5.2.ChargePoint product series
5.3.ChargePoint as a Service
5.4.Tritium - the DC charging solution provider
5.5.Tritium Veefil - the DC fast charger specifications
5.6.Tritium is rolling out its DC high-power chargers
5.7.IONITY's high-power charging network across Europe
5.8.Electrify America
5.9.Electrify America is extending its charging network
5.10.Electrify America deploying solar-powered EV charging
5.11.Electrify America to deploy robotic chargers
5.12.EVgo
5.13.Wallbox
5.14.Wallbox's bi-directional residential EV charger
5.15.EVbox
5.16.Efacec Electric Mobility: full-range EV charging solutions
5.17.Efacec's private and public charging solution
5.18.Efacec's fast charging solution
5.19.Efacec's wireless charging solution
5.20.Webasto
5.21.NewMotion
5.22.BP ChargeMaster
5.23.Pod Point
5.24.DBT-CEV
5.25.Green Motion
5.26.Integrating EV charger in home energy storage
5.27.Green Motion's urban air mobility charging
5.28.TELD
5.29.StarCharge
5.30.Tesla Supercharger network
5.31.Tesla Destination Charging network
6.VALUE CHAIN AND BUSINESS MODELS FOR EV CHARGING
6.1.The emergence of EV charging value chain
6.2.The EV charging value chain
6.3.Key market players along the EV charging value chain
6.4.The EV charging value chain
6.5.Business models of charging network operators
6.6.Emerging business models for new services: V2X
6.7.Nissan energy share: vehicle to home/building
6.8.V2H initiative by Nissan
6.9.V2G: Nuvve
6.10.The V2G architecture
6.11.Nuvve targets on electric school buses for V2G
6.12.V2G: OVO Energy
6.13.OVO Energy to advance V2G and second-life batteries
6.14.V2G accelerates battery degradation?
6.15.V2G can extend the longevity of the EV battery
7.MARKET FORECASTS
7.1.Methodology explained
7.2.Global plug-in EV population forecast 2020-2030
7.3.Market forecast: total installed EV charging infrastructure by sector 2020-2030 (volume)
7.4.Market forecast: annually new EV charging infrastructure by sector 2020-2030 (volume)
7.5.Market forecast: total installed and annually new EV charging infrastructure by sector (volume) - summary
7.6.Market forecast: annually new charging infrastructure by power type
7.7.Market forecast: market value of EV charging infrastructure 2020-2030 ($ billion)
7.8.Market value of EV charging infrastructure 2020-2030 ($billion) - summary
7.9.Charing infrastructure for electric cars - by region
7.10.Private and public charging for electric cars
7.11.Total installed private and public chargers for electric cars by region
7.12.Market forecast: total installed private and public chargers by region 2020-2030 (thousand) - summary
7.13.Annually new private chargers for electric cars by region
7.14.Annually new public chargers for electric cars by region
7.15.Annually new private and public chargers by region 2020-2030 (thousand) - summary
 

Report Statistics

Slides 200
Forecasts to 2030
 
 
 
 

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