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1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY |
1.1. | Li-ion batteries revolutionise energy availability |
1.2. | Why does battery innovation matter? |
1.3. | LIB cell cost ($/kWh) forecasts according to IDTechEx |
1.4. | The world is building Gigafactories |
1.4.1. | LIB production forecasts 2018-2028 (GWh/year) |
1.4.2. | LIB production forecasts 2018-2028 - electric vehicles |
1.4.3. | LIB production forecasts 2018-2028 - other markets |
1.5. | LIB market forecasts 2018-2028 ($B/year) |
1.6. | LIB standard chemistries in 2018, 2023, and 2028 |
1.7. | List of industry events mentioned in this report |
2. | INTRODUCTION |
2.1. | What's the big deal with batteries? |
2.1.1. | What is energy storage and why does it matter? |
2.1.2. | LIB evolution over the last quarter of century |
2.1.3. | Prospects for Li-ion batteries |
2.1.4. | Challenges ahead |
2.1.5. | Li-ion batteries in the news |
2.2. | Words from Venkat Srinivasan, scientist at Argonne National Labs |
2.3. | Impact of subsidy policies on the Li-ion market |
3. | LI-ION BASICS |
3.1. | What is a battery? |
3.1.1. | Redox reactions |
3.1.2. | Electrochemical reactions based on electron transfer |
3.1.3. | Primary (non-rechargeable) vs. secondary (rechargeable) batteries |
3.1.4. | Electrochemistry definitions |
3.1.5. | Useful charts for performance comparison |
3.1.6. | What does 1 kilowatt-hour (kWh) look like? |
3.2. | Energy density in context |
3.2.1. | Electrochemical inactive components reduce energy density |
3.2.2. | Commercial battery packaging technologies |
3.2.3. | Comparison of commercial battery packaging technologies |
3.2.4. | Cooling systems for LIBs |
3.3. | What is a Li-ion battery (LIB)? |
3.3.1. | There is more than one type of LIB |
3.3.2. | How can LIBs be improved? |
3.3.3. | Push and pull factors in Li-ion research |
3.3.4. | The battery trilemma |
3.3.5. | A quote from Thomas Edison on batteries |
3.3.6. | Performance goes up, cost goes down |
3.3.7. | General Motors' view on battery prices |
3.4. | Safety |
3.4.1. | Samsung's Firegate |
3.4.2. | The risks of a battery-intensive future |
4. | LI-ION RAW MATERIALS |
4.1. | Batteries and thermodynamics |
4.2. | Lithium is not the only element in Li-ion batteries |
4.2.1. | The elements used in Li-ion batteries |
4.2.2. | Li-ion raw materials in perspective |
4.2.3. | Raw materials' criticality |
4.2.4. | The EU Critical Raw Materials List |
4.2.5. | Weight content of the main materials in a LIB |
4.2.6. | Mining supply chain model |
4.3. | Raw materials at AABC Europe 2017 |
4.4. | Lithium |
4.4.1. | Where is lithium? |
4.4.2. | Primary sources for making lithium |
4.4.3. | Main lithium producers and lithium sources |
4.4.4. | Secondary sources for making lithium |
4.4.5. | Where is lithium used |
4.4.6. | Question: how much Li do we need? |
4.4.7. | Lithium producers - FMC |
4.5. | Graphite |
4.5.1. | From your pencil to your powertrain |
4.5.2. | Obtaining battery-grade graphite |
4.5.3. | Making synthetic graphite |
4.6. | Cobalt |
4.6.1. | Cobalt reserves and main mining companies |
4.6.2. | Cobalt - From ore to metal |
4.6.3. | Cobalt mining in the DRC |
4.6.4. | A timeline of public scrutiny over cobalt supply |
4.6.5. | Effects of artisanal mining on urban areas in the DRC |
4.6.6. | DRC cobalt supply chain |
4.6.7. | Potential artisanal cobalt stakeholders |
4.6.8. | The cobalt supply routes and their future |
4.7. | Nickel |
4.7.1. | Nickel, worth more than a dime |
4.7.2. | Nickel reserves and main mining companies |
4.7.3. | The Nickel Life Cycle |
4.7.4. | Strategic moves in nickel supply |
4.8. | Copper |
4.8.1. | Copper reserves and main mining companies |
4.8.2. | Copper - From ore to metal |
4.8.3. | Stocks and flows of copper |
4.8.4. | Copper content in LIBs |
4.8.5. | Batteries are reducing copper foil thickness |
4.8.6. | Electric vehicle Cu demand (in kton) |
4.9. | Aluminum |
4.9.1. | Aluminum and the value of recycling |
4.9.2. | From Bauxite to aluminum |
4.10. | Silicon |
4.10.1. | An element with potential |
4.11. | Raw materials recap |
4.11.1. | Raw materials recap |
4.11.2. | Community-related issues in the LIB raw materials supply chain |
4.11.3. | Li-ion battery recycling |
5. | LI-ION ELECTRODE MATERIALS |
5.1. | A family tree of batteries - Lithium-based |
5.2. | Anode materials |
5.2.1. | Anode materials - Battery-grade graphite |
5.2.2. | Anode alternatives - lithium metal and LTO |
5.2.3. | Lithium metal - Hydro-Quebec |
5.2.4. | LTO - Toshiba |
5.2.5. | Anode alternatives - other carbon materials |
5.2.6. | Hard carbon as additive for LIBs - Kuraray |
5.2.7. | Anode alternatives - silicon, tin and alloying materials |
5.2.8. | Silicon-dominant anodes - 3M |
5.2.9. | Silicon-dominant anodes - Fraunhofer |
5.2.10. | Silicon-dominant anodes - Enevate |
5.2.11. | Silicon oxide anodes - Shin-Etsu |
5.2.12. | Graphene's role in silicon anodes |
5.3. | Cathode materials |
5.3.1. | Standard cathode materials - LCO and LFP |
5.3.2. | Cathode alternatives - NCA |
5.3.3. | Cathode alternatives - LNMO, NMC, V2O5 |
5.3.4. | NMC/NCM - ANL and ZSW |
5.3.5. | Future NMC/NCM - BASF |
5.3.6. | Future NMC/NCM - Umicore |
5.3.7. | Patent litigation over NMC/NCM - Umicore vs. BASF |
5.3.8. | Patent litigation - the positive example of LFP |
5.3.9. | Cathode recap |
5.3.10. | Li-ion battery cathode recap |
5.3.11. | New cathode materials - FDK Corporation |
5.4. | Increasing energy density |
5.4.1. | Better batteries with a wider cell voltage |
5.4.2. | Better batteries with a higher electrode capacity |
5.4.3. | Cathodes for post-Li-ion |
5.5. | Inactive materials |
5.5.1. | Inactive materials negatively affect energy density |
5.6. | Separators |
5.6.1. | Separators - polyolefins |
5.6.2. | Separator manufacturing |
5.6.3. | Polyolefin separators - Celgard |
5.6.4. | Ceramic coatings - Litarion, Optodot, Nabaltec |
5.6.5. | Ceramic coatings |
5.6.6. | Cellulose separators - Uppsala university |
5.6.7. | The LIB separator market |
5.7. | Current collectors |
5.7.1. | Current collectors |
5.7.2. | Porous current collectors - Nano-Nouvelle |
5.8. | Binders |
5.8.1. | Binders - aqueous vs. non-aqueous |
5.8.2. | Binder processing |
5.8.3. | Better binders - Solvay |
5.8.4. | Better binders - Zeon |
5.8.5. | Better binders - Ashland |
5.9. | Solvents |
5.9.1. | NMP vs. aqueous processing |
5.10. | Conductive additives |
5.10.1. | Conductive agents |
5.10.2. | Conductive agents - Imerys |
5.10.3. | Conductive agents - OCSiAl |
5.11. | Electrolytes, salts, and additives |
5.11.1. | Electrolytes - the solvents |
5.11.2. | Electrolytes - Ionic liquids |
5.11.3. | Electrolytes - conducting salts |
5.11.4. | Electrolyte additives |
5.12. | Solid-state electrolytes |
5.12.1. | Comparison between inorganic and polymer electrolytes |
5.12.2. | Lithium-ion batteries vs. Solid-State batteries |
5.12.3. | Critical aspects of solid electrolytes |
5.12.4. | Solid electrolytes - Toyota Motors |
5.12.5. | Solid electrolytes - Solvay |
5.12.6. | Electrolytes - Solid Power |
5.12.7. | Solid electrolytes - Solidenergy |
5.12.8. | Solid electrolytes - US Army Research Lab |
5.13. | Current Li-ion vs. future Li-ion |
5.13.1. | Ways to get above 250 Wh/kg |
5.13.2. | LGChem's view of future batteries |
6. | LI-ION MANUFACTURING |
6.1. | What sets the battery industry apart |
6.2. | Differences between cell, module, and pack |
6.3. | EV supply chain - not just electrochemistry |
6.4. | LIB manufacturing system |
6.4.1. | LIB manufacturing system - from cell to module |
6.4.2. | Battery pilot line and scale-up issues |
6.4.3. | The need for a dry room |
6.4.4. | Electrode slurry mixing |
6.4.5. | LIB manufacturing system - from module to pack |
6.4.6. | Stacking methods |
6.4.7. | Battery essential parameters |
6.4.8. | LIB manufacturing energy demand |
6.4.9. | What keeps production costs high |
6.5. | The LIB manufacturing world |
6.5.1. | Europe awakens as the Li-ion snowball grows |
6.5.2. | Old mistakes in the battery and car industries |
6.5.3. | Gigafactories in a wider context |
6.5.4. | Battery manufacturing in Germany |
6.5.5. | The Giga-LIB project |
6.5.6. | Success stories in Europe |
6.5.7. | Chinese Lithium-ion battery manufacturers face slump in profits |
6.5.8. | Battery manufacturing plants - the state of the art |
6.6. | The Gigafactories |
6.6.1. | The mirage of manufacturing |
6.6.2. | LGChem |
6.6.3. | LGChem's strategy |
6.6.4. | Samsung SDI |
6.6.5. | AESC - Nissan + NEC |
6.6.6. | Tesla/Panasonic |
6.6.7. | Tesla/Panasonic in Europe? |
6.6.8. | BYD |
6.6.9. | CATL |
6.6.10. | ATL vs. CATL |
6.6.11. | Microvast |
6.6.12. | Guoxuan |
6.6.13. | Boston Power |
6.6.14. | A123 Systems |
6.6.15. | Chinese EV battery value chain |
6.6.16. | Northvolt (formerly SGF Energy) |
6.6.17. | TerraE |
6.7. | The Megafactories |
6.7.1. | Thinking small has advantages and disadvantages |
6.7.2. | Electrovaya |
6.7.3. | Xalt Energy |
6.7.4. | Blue Solutions/Bolloré |
6.7.5. | Leclanché |
6.7.6. | Lithops |
6.7.7. | Varta Microbattery |
6.7.8. | Tadiran Batteries |
6.7.9. | BMZ |
6.8. | Post Li-ion technologies |
6.8.1. | New kids on the block |
6.8.2. | Oxis Energy |
6.8.3. | Faradion |
6.9. | What sets Europe apart |
6.10. | A map of European Li-ion (and post Li-ion) factories |
7. | LIST OF OVER 140 LI-ION MANUFACTURERS WORLDWIDE AND STATISTICS |
7.1. | Methodology |
7.2. | Top LIB producers in 2016 and public announcements |
7.3. | Geographical distribution |
7.4. | Cathode and anode choices |
7.5. | Cathode preferences by country of manufacturing |
7.6. | Cathode choice vs. company size and output |
7.7. | Cell format |
7.8. | LIB markets - geographical focus |
8. | APPLICATIONS |
8.1. | Overview |
8.1.1. | Batteries as enabling technology |
8.1.2. | Batteries are about energy delocalisation |
8.1.3. | Power range for electronic and electrical devices |
8.2. | EV market - automotive |
8.2.1. | Batteries for two- and three-wheelers |
8.2.2. | People going to work on e-scooters in China |
8.2.3. | Batteries for electric cars |
8.2.4. | Lack of standardisation in terms of battery packs |
8.2.5. | How powertrains affect Li-ion battery needs |
8.2.6. | Batteries for electric buses |
8.2.7. | Batteries for electric trucks |
8.2.8. | Batteries for industrial EVs |
8.3. | Automotive companies at AABC Europe 2017 |
8.3.1. | Jaguar Land Rover |
8.3.2. | Volvo |
8.3.3. | Volkswagen |
8.3.4. | AUDI |
8.3.5. | Opel |
8.3.6. | Mercedes Benz |
8.3.7. | Ford Motors |
8.4. | Automotive companies at Battery Japan 2017 |
8.4.1. | Nissan |
8.4.2. | Toyota |
8.4.3. | Suzuki |
8.4.4. | BMW |
8.5. | EV market - marine and aircraft |
8.5.1. | What does it take to make electric & hybrid marine mainstream? |
8.5.2. | Marine references - Corvus Energy |
8.5.3. | Two strategies for aircraft electrification |
8.5.4. | Drones - Aerosense |
8.5.5. | GS Yuasa supplies NASA with Li-ion batteries for the ISS |
8.5.6. | Uber Elevate's battery requirements for eVTOL |
8.6. | Stationary storage (BESS) |
8.6.1. | Stationary energy storage is not new |
8.6.2. | The increasingly important role of stationary storage |
8.6.3. | Li-ion is capturing market share at the expense of lead-acid |
8.6.4. | Is BESS an early stream of revenue for car companies? |
8.6.5. | Tesla Energy |
8.6.6. | The Korean battery giants |
8.6.7. | Are LIBs the best fit for BESS? |
8.6.8. | Stationary storage in 2015 |
8.6.9. | Stationary storage in 2017 |
8.7. | Other markets |
8.7.1. | More than batteries for powertrains |
8.7.2. | Consumer electronics |
8.7.3. | A stagnant market |
8.7.4. | Smartphones high growth is fading |
8.7.5. | Tablet markets demand could stagnate or decline |
8.7.6. | Laptops may not grow |
8.7.7. | Digital cameras are disappearing |
8.7.8. | Smaller batteries for consumer electronics |
8.8. | Wearables |
8.8.1. | Wearables and the first steps to bionic humans |
8.8.2. | Wearables suffer from bulky batteries |
8.9. | Internet of Things |
8.9.1. | Still a buzzword for some stakeholders |
9. | LI-ION BECOMES THIN, FLEXIBLE, STRETCHABLE |
9.1. | Future trends in battery for consumer electronics |
9.2. | Flexibility: Big giants' growing interest |
9.3. | Thinness is still required for now and future |
9.4. | Slim consumer electronics |
9.5. | New market: Thin batteries can help to increase the total capacity |
9.6. | Will modular phones be the direction of the future? |
9.7. | Comparison of a flexible LIB with a traditional one |
9.8. | Lithium-polymer flexible cells |
9.9. | Developers |
9.9.1. | Huizhou Markyn |
9.9.2. | Showa Denko Packaging |
9.9.3. | Semiconductor Energy Laboratory |
9.9.4. | QinetiQ |
9.9.5. | Leeds University UK |
9.9.6. | Ulsan National IST |
9.9.7. | Stretchable batteries that stick to the skin like a Band-Aid |
9.9.8. | Cable-type battery developed by LG Chem |
9.9.9. | Large-area multi-stacked textile battery |
9.9.10. | Stretchable lithium-ion battery |
9.9.11. | Foldable lithium-ion battery |
9.9.12. | Fibre-shaped lithium-ion battery |
9.9.13. | Fibre-shaped lithium-ion battery that can be woven into electronic textiles |
9.9.14. | Needle battery |
9.9.15. | Transparent lithium-ion battery |
10. | BEYOND LI-ION TECHNOLOGIES |
10.1. | Is Li-ion the silver bullet of batteries? |
10.2. | The innovation cycle |
10.3. | Li-ion vs. future Li-ion vs. beyond Li-ion |
10.4. | There are several avenues to better batteries |
10.5. | What is the future battery technology? |
11. | BENCHMARK OF LI-ION VS. OTHER TECHNOLOGIES |
11.1. | A family tree of batteries - Li-ion |
11.2. | A family tree of batteries - Non-Li-ion |
11.3. | Benchmarking of theoretical battery performance |
11.4. | Benchmarking of practical battery performance |
11.5. | Battery technology benchmark - Comparison chart |
11.6. | Battery technology benchmark - open challenges |
12. | MARKET FORECASTS |
12.1. | LIB market trends 2018-2028 |
12.2. | Market size by GWh/year |
12.2.1. | 2018-2028 forecasts - mainstream EV markets (GWh/year) |
12.2.2. | 2018-2028 forecasts - niche EV markets (GWh/year) |
12.2.3. | 2018-2028 forecasts - Consumer Electronics (GWh/year) |
12.2.4. | 2018-2028 forecasts - Wearables (GWh/year) |
12.2.5. | LIB GWh production forecasts (EV focus) 2018-2028 |
12.2.6. | LIB GWh production forecasts (CE focus) 2018-2028 |
12.2.7. | LIB MWh production forecasts (Wearables) 2018-2028 |
12.2.8. | LIB MWh production forecasts (Wearables) 2018-2028 |
12.2.9. | LIB GWh production forecasts (Stationary storage) 2018-2028 |
12.3. | Market size in units/year |
12.3.1. | LIB production forecasts 2018-2028 (in billion units) |
12.3.2. | LIB production forecasts 2018-2028 (in billion units) - consumer electronics |
12.3.3. | LIB production forecasts 2018-2028 (in billion units) - wearables |
12.3.4. | LIB production forecasts 2018-2028 (in million units) - summary |
12.4. | Market size in $B/year |
12.4.1. | LIB market forecasts 2018-2028 (in $B/year) - industrial electric vehicles |
12.4.2. | LIB market forecasts 2018-2028 (in $B/year) - buses, trucks, and vans |
12.4.3. | LIB market forecasts 2018-2028 (in $B/year) - passenger vehicles |
12.4.4. | LIB market forecasts 2018-2028 (in $B/year) - two- and three-wheelers |
12.4.5. | LIB market forecasts 2018-2028 (in $B/year) - military and drones |
12.4.6. | LIB market forecasts 2018-2028 (in $B/year) - marine and aircraft |
12.4.7. | LIB market forecasts 2018-2028 (in $B/year) - other electric vehicles |
12.4.8. | LIB production forecasts 2018-2028 (in $B/year) - other markets |
12.4.9. | LIB Market forecasts ($B) by category 2018-2028 - summary |
12.4.10. | Lithium-sulphur battery market (MWh and $M) 2018-2028 |
12.4.11. | Li-S battery market compared to Li-ion 2018-2028 |
13. | COMPANY PROFILES |
13.1. | List of companies profiles included in this report |
13.1.1. | 3M Battery Materials |
13.1.2. | Aerosense |
13.1.3. | Airbus Group Innovations Singapore |
13.1.4. | BASF Battery Materials |
13.1.5. | BMW |
13.1.6. | BYD |
13.1.7. | Contemporary Amperex Tech Ltd (CATL) |
13.1.8. | EDF |
13.1.9. | Electrovaya |
13.1.10. | Faradion |
13.1.11. | FDK Corporation |
13.1.12. | LG Chem |
13.1.13. | Nabaltec AG |
13.1.14. | Nano-Nouvelle |
13.1.15. | Nissan |
13.1.16. | OXIS Energy Ltd |
13.1.17. | PolyPlus Battery Company |
13.1.18. | SolidEnergy Systems |
13.1.19. | Solvay |
13.1.20. | StoreDot |
13.1.21. | TankTwo |
13.1.22. | Tesla, Inc. |
13.1.23. | Toyota Central R&D Labs, Inc. |
13.1.24. | Umicore Rechargeable Battery Materials |
13.1.25. | Volkswagen |
14. | APPENDIX |
14.1. | List of abbreviations |
14.1.1. | Technology and manufacturing readiness |
Slides | 498 |
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Companies | 25 |
Forecasts to | 2028 |