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1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY |
1.1. | Drivers for recycling Li-ion batteries |
1.2. | LIB recycling process overview |
1.3. | Pyrometallurgical recycling |
1.4. | Hydrometallurgical recycling |
1.5. | Direct recycling |
1.6. | Recycling techniques compared |
1.7. | EV battery recycling value chain |
1.8. | When will Li-ion batteries be recycled? |
1.9. | Recycling or second life? |
1.10. | Is recycling Li-ion batteries economic? |
1.11. | Economic analysis of battery recycling |
1.12. | Impact of battery chemistries on recycling economics |
1.13. | Recycling value by cathode chemistry |
1.14. | Sector involvement |
1.15. | Commercial recycling breakdown |
1.16. | State of recycling players |
1.17. | Recycling market |
1.18. | Global capacity of Li-ion batteries available for recycling 2020-2040 (GWh) |
1.19. | Global capacity of Li-ion batteries available for recycling 2020-2040 (GWh) - summary |
1.20. | Global Li-ion batteries available for recycling 2020-2040: by region (tonnes) |
1.21. | Global Li-ion batteries available for recycling 2020-2040: by region (tonnes) - summary |
1.22. | Global Li-ion batteries available for recycling 2020-2040: by chemistry (tonnes) |
1.23. | Global Li-ion batteries available for recycling 2020-2040: by chemistry (tonnes) - summary |
1.24. | Global Li-ion batteries available for recycling by chemistry in major regions |
1.25. | Global recycled metals from Li-ion batteries 2020-2040 (tonnes) |
1.26. | Global recycled metals from Li-ion batteries 2020-2040 (tonnes) - summary |
1.27. | Global Li-ion battery recycling market value forecast 2020-2040 ($ million) |
1.28. | Global Li-ion battery recycling market value forecast 2020-2040 ($ million) - summary |
2. | INTRODUCTION AND LI-ION BATTERY MARKET OVERVIEW |
2.1. | What is a Li-ion battery? |
2.2. | Li-ion cathode overview |
2.3. | Li-ion anode overview |
2.4. | Cycle life and End-of-life |
2.5. | Why batteries fail? |
2.6. | Li-ion degradation complexity |
2.7. | What happens to end-of-life Li-ion batteries |
2.8. | When will Li-ion batteries be recycled? |
2.9. | The Li-ion supply chain |
2.10. | Demand for Li-ion shifting |
2.11. | Market overview |
2.12. | Drivers for High-Nickel Cathode |
2.13. | Silicon Anodes - Mergers, Acquisitions, and Investments |
2.14. | Battery technology trends |
2.15. | Battery technology trends beyond Li-ion |
2.16. | The elements used in Li-ion batteries |
2.17. | Supply and demand overview |
2.18. | Potential for raw material shortage |
2.19. | Carbon emissions from electric vehicles |
2.20. | Sustainability of Li-ion materials |
2.21. | Questionable mining practice |
2.22. | Drivers and restraints |
3. | RECYCLING REGULATION AND POLICY |
3.1. | What is the circular economy? |
3.2. | China is preparing for EV battery recycling |
3.3. | Regulatory framework for battery recycling in China |
3.4. | The EV battery traceability management system in China |
3.5. | The battery recycling and traceability management platform |
3.6. | Battery recycling included in China's solid waste law |
3.7. | EU critical raw materials |
3.8. | EU Battery Directive |
3.9. | European batteries Alliance |
3.10. | EU battery and end-of-life vehicle directives |
3.11. | Recovery targets |
3.12. | Extended Producer Responsibility |
3.13. | USA |
3.14. | US Critical Minerals Act |
3.15. | DoE battery recycling funding |
3.16. | Transportation |
4. | LI-ION RECYCLING PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES |
4.1.1. | Recycling history - Pb-acid |
4.1.2. | Pb-acid batteries |
4.1.3. | Pb-acid vs Li-ion cost breakdown |
4.1.4. | Lessons to be learned |
4.1.5. | Recycling alkaline cells |
4.1.6. | Drivers for recycling Li-ion batteries 1 |
4.1.7. | Drivers for recycling Li-ion batteries 2 |
4.1.8. | Constraints on recycling Li-ion batteries 1 |
4.1.9. | LIB recycling process overview |
4.1.10. | LIB recycling overview |
4.1.11. | Is there enough global resource? |
4.1.12. | Material content |
4.1.13. | Waste material streams |
4.1.14. | BEV Li-ion recycling mass flow |
4.2. | Pre-treatments: mechanical, communication, separation |
4.2.1. | Recycling different Li-ion batteries |
4.2.2. | Recycling different Li-ion batteries |
4.2.3. | EV LIB discharge and disassembly |
4.2.4. | Lack of pack standardisation |
4.2.5. | LIB disassembly |
4.2.6. | Mechanical processing and separation |
4.2.7. | Mechanical processing and separation process |
4.2.8. | Recycling pre-treatments and processing |
4.2.9. | Sieving |
4.2.10. | Recupyl mechanical separation flow diagram |
4.2.11. | Gravity separation |
4.2.12. | Eddy current separation |
4.2.13. | Froth flotation |
4.2.14. | Mechanical separation flow diagram |
4.3. | Pyrometallurgy |
4.3.1. | Pyrometallurgical recycling |
4.3.2. | Pyrometallurgical recycling |
4.3.3. | Pyrometallurgical recycling strengths/weaknesses |
4.3.4. | Umicore recycling flow diagram |
4.4. | Hydrometallurgy and material recovery |
4.4.1. | Hydrometallurgical recycling |
4.4.2. | Hydrometallurgical recycling strengths/weaknesses |
4.4.3. | Recycling example via hydrometallurgy |
4.4.4. | Recupyl recycling flow diagram |
4.4.5. | Electrometallurgy |
4.4.6. | Precipitation |
4.4.7. | Solvent extraction |
4.4.8. | Direct recycling |
4.4.9. | Direct recycling strengths/weaknesses |
4.4.10. | Cathode recovery and rejuvenation |
4.4.11. | Opportunities in Li-ion recycling |
4.5. | Recycling technology conclusions |
4.5.1. | Trends in Li-ion recycling |
4.5.2. | Trends in Li-ion recycling |
4.5.3. | Recycling methods map |
4.5.4. | Li-ion production chain/loop |
4.5.5. | Designed for recycling |
4.5.6. | Recycling technology conclusions |
4.5.7. | Recycling techniques compared |
4.5.8. | Academic research |
4.5.9. | Academic research by region |
5. | VALUE CHAIN AND BUSINESS MODELS FOR LI-ION BATTERY RECYCLING |
5.1. | Why Li-ion batteries fail? |
5.2. | What happens to end-of-life Li-ion batteries |
5.3. | Overview of the Li-ion battery recycling value chain |
5.4. | Closed-loop value chain of electric vehicle batteries |
5.5. | EV battery recycling value chain |
5.6. | The lifecycle view of EV battery recycling value chain |
5.7. | When will Li-ion batteries be recycled? |
5.8. | Is recycling Li-ion batteries economic? |
5.9. | Economic analysis of battery recycling |
5.10. | Impact of battery chemistries on recycling economics |
5.11. | Recycling value by cathode chemistry |
5.12. | Recycling or second life? |
5.13. | Recycling or second life: techno-economic analysis (1) |
5.14. | Recycling or second life: techno-economic analysis (2) |
5.15. | Recycling or second life: complementary information |
5.16. | Impact of recycling on Li-ion battery cost reduction |
5.17. | Where are the retired Li-ion batteries? |
5.18. | Reverse logistics: Li-ion battery collection |
5.19. | Case study of a EV battery collection network in China |
5.20. | Battery sorting and disassembling |
5.21. | Design for recycling |
6. | RECYCLING MARKET OVERVIEW |
6.1. | LIB recycling market |
6.2. | Interest in recycling across the value chain |
6.3. | Location of Li-ion recycling companies |
6.4. | European recycling |
6.5. | Asia-Pacific (exc. China) recycling |
6.6. | Chinese recycling |
6.7. | North American recycling |
6.8. | Sector involvement |
6.9. | Recycling commercialisation stages |
6.10. | Commercial recycling breakdown |
6.11. | State of recycling players |
6.12. | Global recycling capacity |
6.13. | Conclusions |
7. | COMPANY PROFILES |
7.1. | Northvolt's Revolt recycling program |
7.2. | BMW's strategic partnerships for EV battery recycling |
7.3. | Renault's circular economy efforts for Li-ion batteries |
7.4. | Volkswagen plans for retired EV batteries |
7.5. | Volkswagen's in-house Li-ion battery recycling plant |
7.6. | Fortum |
7.7. | Fortum acquired Crisolteq for battery recycling |
7.8. | Fortum intensify collaboration with BASF and Nornickel |
7.9. | Umicore |
7.10. | Duesenfeld |
7.11. | Duesenfeld process overview |
7.12. | Accurec |
7.13. | Akkuser Oy |
7.14. | 4R Energy |
7.15. | 4R Energy's Namie plant |
7.16. | Sumitomo |
7.17. | Sumitomo processes |
7.18. | JX Nippon Metal Mining |
7.19. | GHTech |
7.20. | Anhua Taisen |
7.21. | Tesla's 'circular Gigafactory' |
7.22. | Li-cycle |
7.23. | Li-cycle business model |
7.24. | Li-cycle process overview |
7.25. | American Manganese |
7.26. | OnTo Technology |
7.27. | Farasis |
7.28. | Farasis recycling process patent |
7.29. | Envirostream |
8. | MARKET FORECASTS |
8.1. | Methodology explained |
8.2. | Global capacity of Li-ion batteries available for recycling 2020-2040 (GWh) |
8.3. | Global capacity of Li-ion batteries available for recycling 2020-2040 (GWh) - summary |
8.4. | Global Li-ion batteries available for recycling 2020-2040: by region (tonnes) |
8.5. | Global Li-ion batteries available for recycling 2020-2040: by region (tonnes) - summary |
8.6. | Global Li-ion batteries available for recycling 2020-2040: by chemistry (tonnes) |
8.7. | Global Li-ion batteries available for recycling 2020-2040: by chemistry (tonnes) - summary |
8.8. | Global Li-ion batteries available for recycling by chemistry in major regions |
8.9. | Global recycled metals from Li-ion batteries 2020-2040 (tonnes) |
8.10. | Global recycled metals from Li-ion batteries 2020-2040 (tonnes) - summary |
8.11. | Global Li-ion battery recycling market value forecast 2020-2040 ($ million) |
8.12. | Global Li-ion battery recycling market value forecast 2020-2040 ($ million) - summary |
8.13. | China |
8.13.1. | Capacity of retired Li-ion batteries 2020-2040: China |
8.13.2. | Capacity of retired Li-ion batteries by sector 2020-2040: China (GWh) - summary |
8.13.3. | Li-ion batteries available for recycling in China: by sector 2020-2040 (tonnes) |
8.13.4. | Li-ion batteries available for recycling in China: by sector 2020-2040 (tonnes) - summary |
8.13.5. | China Li-ion battery recycling market share by sector |
8.13.6. | Li-ion batteries available for recycling in China: by battery chemistry 2020-2040 (tonnes) |
8.13.7. | Li-ion batteries available for recycling in China: by battery chemistry 2020-2040 (tonnes) - summary |
8.13.8. | China Li-ion battery recycling market share by cathode |
8.13.9. | Recycled metals from Li-ion batteries in China |
8.13.10. | Recycled metals from Li-ion batteries in China (tonnes) - summary |
8.14. | Europe |
8.14.1. | Capacity of retired Li-ion batteries 2020-2040: Europe |
8.14.2. | Capacity of retired Li-ion batteries 2020-2040 (tonnes): Europe - summary |
8.14.3. | Li-ion batteries available for recycling in Europe: by sector 2020-2040 (tonnes) |
8.14.4. | Li-ion batteries available for recycling in Europe: by sector 2020-2040 (tonnes) - summary |
8.14.5. | Market share of Li-ion battery recycling market by sector: Europe |
8.14.6. | Li-ion batteries available for recycling in Europe: by battery chemistry 2020-2040 (tonnes) |
8.14.7. | Li-ion batteries available for recycling in Europe: by battery chemistry 2020-2040 (tonnes) - summary |
8.14.8. | Recycled metals from Li-ion batteries in Europe |
8.14.9. | Recycled metals from Li-ion batteries in Europe (tonnes) - summary |
8.15. | North America |
8.15.1. | Capacity of retired Li-ion batteries 2020-2040: North America |
8.15.2. | Capacity of retired Li-ion batteries 2020-2040 (tonnes): North America - summary |
8.15.3. | Li-ion batteries available for recycling in North America: by sector 2020-2040 (tonnes) |
8.15.4. | Li-ion batteries available for recycling in North America: by sector 2020-2040 (tonnes) - summary |
8.15.5. | Market share of Li-ion battery recycling market by sector: North America |
8.15.6. | Li-ion batteries available for recycling in North America: by battery chemistry 2020-2040 (tonnes) |
8.15.7. | Li-ion batteries available for recycling in North America: by battery chemistry 2020-2040 (tonnes) - summary |
8.15.8. | Recycled metals from Li-ion batteries in North America |
8.15.9. | Recycled metals from Li-ion batteries in North America (tonnes) - summary |
Slides | 243 |
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Forecasts to | 2040 |